The National Literacy Institute reports that around 79% of U.S. adults were considered literate in 2024-2025. This typically means they possess basic reading and writing skills. Conversely, this implies that 21% of U.S. adults—approximately 43 million people—are considered illiterate or struggle with fundamental reading abilities.
A significant finding often cited is that 54% of U.S. adults read below the equivalent of a 6th-grade level, while around 20% read below a 5th-grade level. This indicates a lack of functional literacy for a large portion of the population, even among those who have some basic reading skills.
The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) provides more detailed international comparisons.
According to the latest data (2023 results released in late 2024):
- The average U.S. adult literacy score (258) was close to the international (OECD) average (260).
- 28% of U.S. adults scored at PIAAC Level 1 or Below Level 1 in literacy, indicating low proficiency. This is a notable increase from 19% in 2017. These adults may struggle with understanding short texts or completing simple forms.
- 44% of U.S. adults scored at Level 3 or above (considered proficient), a decrease from 48% in 2017.
Data indicates a concerning trend: the percentage of adults with low literacy skills has increased in recent years (from 19% at Level 1 or below in 2017 to 28% in 2023, according to PIAAC).
- Internationally, while the average U.S. literacy score is near the OECD average, the U.S. ranks lower in numeracy and adaptive problem-solving skills. Some sources place the U.S. 36th in global literacy rankings, highlighting concerns compared to countries with near-universal literacy.
- Literacy rates vary significantly by state, race/ethnicity, and nativity (U.S.-born vs. foreign-born)
Roughly 4 out of 5 U.S. adults possess basic literacy skills.
A much larger percentage (over half) lack the functional literacy levels typically required for navigating complex tasks in modern society. Furthermore, recent data suggests an increase in the proportion of adults with low literacy skills.
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